Prevalence and risk factors for misuse of prescription psychotropic drug in patients with severe mental illness: A systematic review.

RESUMEN Objective. The misuse of prescription psychotropic drugs is a major health problem.

Prevalencia y factores de riesgo del uso problemático de psicofármacos de prescripción en población con trastorno mental grave: Una revisión sistemática / Prevalence and risk factors for misuse of prescription psychotropic drug in patients with severe mental illness: a systematic review

Objetivo. El uso problemático de psicofármacos de prescripción es un creciente problema de salud. Uno de los grupos más expuestos al consumo de estas sustancias son las personas con un trastorno mental grave. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar cuál es la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo, del uso problemático de fármacos psicoactivos, con prescripción médica, en pacientes con trastorno mental grave. Método. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática siguiendo el protocolo PRISMA consultando las bases de datos científicas Medline, Web Of Science, SCOPUS, Proquest y PsycINFO. La revisión se realizó desde enero de 2011 hasta diciembre de 2021. De cada documento se extrajo la información relativa al uso problemático de los psicofármacos prescritos y sus niveles de gravedad. Resultados. De un total de 477 trabajos, 5 cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Entre un 26% y un 48,7% de pacientes con trastorno mental grave hace un uso problemático de los psicofármacos prescritos y desarrollan dependencia. Los problemas de consumo de otras drogas, tener una historia de prescripción de benzodiacepinas, considerar esencial el uso del fármaco, un uso prolongado, la impulsividad y los comportamientos autolesivos se mostraron como factores de riesgo a la hora de desarrollar un uso problemático de los psicofármacos recetados. Conclusiones. La población con trastorno mental grave convive con factores que la hacen vulnerable al riesgo de desarrollar un uso problemático de las sustancias psicoactivas prescritas. Son necesarios futuros estudios, que profundicen en los efectos y el tratamiento del uso problemático, de los psicofármacos prescritos, en estos pacientes. (AU)

Objective. The misuse of prescription psychotropic drugs is a major health problem. One of the most exposed groups to the use of these substances is people with a severe mental illness. The aim of this review is to assess the prevalence and risk factors of problematic use of psychoactive prescription drugs in patients with SMI. Method. A systematic review was conducted following a PRISMA protocol through the scientific databases PubMed, Web Of Science, SCOPUS, ProquestPsycho and PsycInfo. The review was conducted from January 2011 to December 2021. Information on the misuse of prescribed psychotropic drugs and the levels of dependence generated in the severe mental illness population was examined. Results. A total of 477 studies were identified, and 5 were selected according to the established criteria. Between 26% and 48.7% of patients with severe mental illness misuse prescribed psychotropic drugs and develop dependence. Other drug use problems, having a history of benzodiazepine prescription, perceive drug use as essential, prolonged use, impulsivity and self-harm behaviors were shown as risk factors for developing misuse of prescribed psychotropic drugs. Conclusions. The severe mental illness population lives with several factors that make them vulnerable to the risk of developing misuse of prescribed psychoactive substances. Future studies are needed, since the current evidence is limited, and does not delve into the effects and treatment of misuse of prescribed psychotropic drugs in these patients. (AU)

Use and dependence on opioid drugs in the Spanish population with chronic pain: Prevalence and differences according to sex. / Uso y dependencia de fármacos opioides en población española con dolor crónico: prevalencia y diferencias de género.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the prevalence in the use and dependence on opioid drugs in the Spanish population with chronic pain and evaluate the differences according to sex. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The demographic variables, opioid treatment characteristics and use of other substances were assessed in 229 users of opioid drugs. A descriptive bivariate analysis of the data was performed. RESULTS: Forty-six percent of the patients met the criteria of dependence on opioid drugs (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition [DSM-IV-TR]). Alcohol and cannabis consumption was greater in the men. The rates of dependence on the use of opioid drugs were significantly higher in the extended treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Planning for treatments with opioids and strategies for preventing inappropriate use should not depend on the patient's sex. We need further studies on the medical and psychological variables related to the use of and dependence on opioids.

Spanish version of the Sleep Self-Report (SSR): factorial structure and psychometric properties.

BACKGROUND: The Sleep Self-Report (SSR) is a questionnaire initially created for use with a sample from the USA to assess sleep patterns and problems in school-aged children. The objective of this study was to validate the SSR among a Spanish sample. METHODS: Participants were 1228 Spanish children from 8 to 12 years of age who completed the questionnaires at school anonymously. RESULTS: Internal consistency was good (ω = 0.85). Convergent validity with anxiety (r = 0.54) and perceived welfare (r = -0.53) measures, and divergent validity with a measure of academic performance and positive influence of peers (r = -0.22) were acceptable. Exploratory analysis suggested a factorial structure composed by four subscales: sleep quality, sleep anxiety, bedtime refusal and sleep routines. Confirmatory analysis indicated a good fit for the model (RMSEA = 0.04; GFI = 0.95; AGFI = 0.93; χ(2)/gl = 2.48). CONCLUSIONS: The SSR has demonstrated to have good psychometric properties in the Spanish-speaking sample of children. The factorial structure supported by exploratory and confirmatory analysis examines the most relevant areas of sleep in children. The satisfactory psychometric properties support the use of the Spanish version of the SSR by researchers and clinicians.

Three-dimensional chitin-based scaffolds from Verongida sponges (Demospongiae: Porifera). Part I. Isolation and identification of chitin.

Marine invertebrate organisms including sponges (Porifera) not only provide an abundant source of biologically active secondary metabolites but also inspire investigations to develop biomimetic composites, scaffolds and templates for practical use in materials science, biomedicine and tissue engineering. Here, we presented a detailed study of the structural and physico-chemical properties of three-dimensional skeletal scaffolds of the marine sponges Aiolochroia crassa, Aplysina aerophoba, A. cauliformis, A. cavernicola, and A. fulva (Verongida: Demospongiae). We show that these fibrous scaffolds have a multilayered design and are made of chitin. (13)C solid-state NMR spectroscopy, NEXAFS, and IR spectroscopy as well as chitinase digestion and test were applied in order to unequivocally prove the existence of alpha-chitin in all investigated species.

Three-dimensional chitin-based scaffolds from Verongida sponges (Demospongiae: Porifera). Part II: Biomimetic potential and applications.

In order to evaluate the biomedical potential of three-dimensional chitinous scaffolds of poriferan origin, chondrocyte culturing experiments were performed. It was shown for the first time that freshly isolated chondrocytes attached well to the chitin scaffold and synthesized an extracellular matrix similar to that found in other cartilage tissue engineering constructs. Chitin scaffolds also supported deposition of a proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix of chondrocytes seeded bioconstructs in an in vivo environment. We suggest that chitin sponge scaffolds, apart from the demonstrated biomedical applications, are highly optimized structures for use as filtering systems, templates for biomineralization as well as metallization in order to produce catalysts.

THE DIET OF PLATYDORIS ARGO (GASTROPODA: NUDIBRANCHIA) AND THE DIETARY SPECIALIZATION OF SPONGE EATING DORIDS.

The diet of the dorid nudibranch Platydoris argo was studied in relation to prey availability, and under different environmental conditions to evaluate richness, evenness, and plasticity of its diet. In order to assess the availability of possible prey, the sponge assemblage at two different habitats was characterized. The results showed that P. argo is a relatively specialized benthic carnivore, feeding exclusively on spiculated demosponges. However, it has a relatively polyphagous diet (16 prey-species) and adapts well to contrasting patterns of prey availability at different sites. At the location with lower sponge diversity, the diet of P. argo included more prey categories, was more diverse, and less selective (lower dietary evenness), foraging preferentially on the most frequent resource, Stylopus dujardini. In contrast, at a station with a clearly more diverse and abundant sponge assemblage, the diet was more selective, and Phorbas tenacior was its principal component. Despite its trophic plasticity, P. argo displayed a specialized pattern of resource exploitation in terms of niche breadth within a given habitat. Foraging was focussed on one preferred prey (which changed from one habitat to another) as indicated by the significant positive selection indexes (S. dujardini = +0.29, P. tenacior = +0.74). The revision of quantitative data on the diet of so-called 'sponge eating dorids' indicates the existence of a more specialized guild of 'spiculated demosponge eating dorids'. Most species revised are 'non-stereotyped specialist', which indicates that they have a polyphagous and plastic diet but only exploit one or few main prey species in each habitat. However, obligate specialists, with a monophagous (or rather oligophagous) diet also seem to be present.

[Distribution of Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae) in mangroves of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico]. / Distribución de Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae) en los manglares de la Península de Yucatán, México.

The ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata synthesizes some of the most promising substances against solid-type tumors, but the only available source are the natural populations of this tunicate, which is reared or collected in different parts of the world. A total of 33 locations were sampled in the Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula. The tunicate was not found in Veracruz, Tabasco and Campeche, but it was well established on mangrove roots in the Yucatan Peninsula where we estimated densities more or less equal to one colony and an average production of 115 g of biomass per lineal meter of mangrove coastline in one location (Río Lagartos). Sustainable management appears to be possible.

New metabolites from the sponge Spongia agaricina.

The sponge Spongia agaricina from Tarifa, Cadiz, Spain, contains two new 9,11-secosterols, [3-0-deacetylluffasterol B (1) and 3-0-deacetyl-22,23-dihydro-24,28-dehydroluffasterol B (2)] and two new sesterterpenoids [12,16-di-epi-12-0-deacetyl-16-0-acetylfuroscalarol (3) and 16-epi-scalarolbutenolide (4)], in addition to the known compounds 5-15. The structures of all compounds were elucidated by interpretation of' spectroscopic data. The metabolites 1-3 showed significant cytotoxicity against four tumor cell lines (C50 1 microgram/mL).